Plautdietsch in Russia

For those who remained in Russia, hardships under collectivized farming, then the “liquidation” of the colonies, fake courts and summary executions, and finally exile to Siberia often awaited:
- Exile particularly cruel: even after pardons granted after Stalin’s death in 1955, Mennonites, like other settlers, were expressly forbidden from ever returning to their colonies
- Separated from their former homes and under increasing Russian control, their language again changed, reflecting increased fluency in Russian and freedom in borrowing:

For those who remained in Russia, hardships under collectivized farming, then the “liquidation” of the colonies, fake courts and summary executions, and finally exile to Siberia often awaited: